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Copy 1 

Outlines 

of 

California History 

"Westward the Course of Empire 
Takes Its Way." 



ELIZA D. KEITH 

PAST GRAND PRESIDENT N. D. G. W. 

TEACHER 

in the 

SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 




Published by 

Walter N. Brunt Press 

San Francisco 

1916 

Copyright 1916, by Eliza D. Keith 



K 



-, P 



Inscribed with Appreciation 

to 

RICHARD D. FAULKNER, 

Principal of the 

Horace Mann Intermediate School 

San Francisco 

The man who put the "India Idea" into the school study of California History 



4o^ 



FEB 151916 



Outlines 



of 



California History 



ELIZA D. KEITH 

in 

Western Journal of Education 

April and May, 1915 



PART I, 
Foreword. 

To understand the history of California, the history student must 
know something of the old world and its history, of the influence 
of the "India idea" in shaping the destiny of California. The 
following facts deal directly with the development of California. 
Other facts have been excluded for want of direct connection with 
California history. 

The waters sailed, and the places discovered, are mentioned by 
the names they bear today; although at the time of their discov- 
ery they were not all called by their present names. 




Outline of California History. 
Introduction. 

The human race means men, women and children, all who have 
lived on this earth, who are now living, and all who are yet to live 
upon the earth. 

The human race was born, thousands of years ago, in Asia. 

Ever since the birth of the human race in Asia, the human race 
has been moving westward, through Europe, across the Atlantic 
Ocean, across North America, across the Pacific Ocean, back to 
Asia, the land of its birth. 

Every human being believes in some kind of a god. 

Our great white race has always believed in the one true God, 
and worshipped Him. 

The oldest form of the one-God religion is Judaism, the religion 
of the Jews, or Hebrews. Christianity, founded by Jesus Christ, 
grew out of the Jewish religion. 

We keep historical account of time, dating or starting the 
Christian era, or years, from the birth of Christ. 

B. C. means before Christ. A. D. means Anno Domini, in the 
year of our Lord (starting from the birth of Christ). 

Mohammedanism, the religion of the Turks and the Arabs, was 
founded some hundreds of years after the birth of Christ, by Mo- 
hammed, the Camel Driver of Mecca (570?-632). 

The Mohammedans carried their religion from Arabia into Africa 
and across Europe, through the Mediterranean Sea; spread it by 
the sword, killing all those who refused to accept the religion 
founded by Mohammed. (570?-632, A. D.). 

The Mohammedans settled in Spain, where they were called the 
Moors. 

The Moors taught the people of Spain how to make lace, other 
industrial arts, and how to build beautiful palaces, like the Alham- 
bra, using the Moorish arch. 

Centuries later Spanish priests built the Missions in California, 
using a form of the Moorish arch, which can still be seen in the 
corridors of the old Spanish Missions of California. 

Long before anyone knew about California; long before America 
had been discovered, all the known world was the land on all sides 
of the Mediterranean Sea, and that fabled land — "farthest east," 
India, rich in gold, spices and precious stones. A part of China 
was also known to Europeans. 

The Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by the southern countries 
of Europe, the northern countries of Africa, and by part of the 
southwestern edge of Asia. 

Mediterranean means in the middle of the land. 



Italy, once called Rome, is a peninsula extending down into the 
Mediterranean Sea. 

Venice and Genoa, two great rival States of Italy, engaged in 
trade with India, the rich land "farthest east." 

Europe sent to India, and to China, then called Cathay, copper, 
tin, lead and woolens. 

To Europe India sent spices, drugs, camphor, precious stones, 
perfumes and silks. 

The trade between Europe and India was carried on by ships in 
the Mediterranean Sea to Constantinople, or to Cairo, and by 
camels across the deserts of Arabia to India. 

The old trade routes to India were growing more and more dan- 
gerous, menaced by pirates by sea and by wild Arabs in the desert. 

Great cargoes of rich goods were stolen at heavy loss to the 
traders. 

A new way to India, indeed, was needed. 

Spain and Portugal, jealous of the great Indian trade of the 
Italian States of Venice and Genoa, desired to find a way of their 
own to India since they (Spain and Portugal) could not use the 
routes already established by Venice and Genoa. 

It was a time of seeking a new pathway to the Indies. 

The Portuguese King encouraged his sailors to try to sail around 
the great continent of Africa to find another way or route to India. 

The Portuguese navigators Avere very brave for those days of 
darkest superstition, and ventured far down the coast of Africa, 
even crossing the equator. At last one Portuguese navigator, 
Bartholomew Diaz, reached the most southern point of Africa, 
and named that point the Cape of Good Hope. 

Search for a Western Route to India. 

Columbus, the Italian Genoese sailor, believed that he could 
find a new route to India by sailing ever westward. Columbus 
believed that the earth was round. 

For over seven years Columbus tried in vain to induce kings 
to give him men and ships to sail westward. No one would pay 
any serious attention to Columbus. 

At last Isabella, the Catholic queen of Spain, inspired by the 
thought of converting the heathen to Christianity, sold her jewels 
to give Columbus men and ships to sail westward in search of 
India. 

On October 12, 1492, Columbus, after sailing westward for 
months, reached land. Columbus thought he had discovered a 
portion of India, so he called the inhabitants "Indians." 

Columbus in all made four voyages to the new world, but Colum- 
bus died in the belief that he had discovered a new way to India. 

Columbus never knew the greatness of his discovery. 



The Line of Demarcation. 

The Portuguese were still trjang to sail around Africa. 

Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese, sailed down the west coast of 
Africa around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern point of 
Africa. Vasco da Gama then sailed up through the Indian Ocean 
to India, 1497-1498. 

Vasco da Gama had found a new route to India, and that new 
route belonged to Portugal by virtue of da Gama's discovery. 

Spain claimbed all the land discovered by Columbus. 

Portugal had her new route (around Africa) to India. 

Spain and Portugal even quarreled over the ocean routes of 
travel. 

The Pope settled the dispute between Spain and Portugal. The 
Pope drew the Line of Demarcation from pole to pole through 
the Atlantic Ocean, at a certain distance west of Europe. 

The Line of Demarcation was an imaginary line running due 
north and south about one hundred leagues west of the Azores and 
Cape Verde Islands, fixed in papal bull of Alexander VI, May 5, 
1493. By treaty, 1494, the line was shifted 270 miles farther west. 

The Pope declared that Spain could have all that Spain discov- 
ered west of the Line of Demarcation. 

The Pope declared that Portugal could have all that Portugal 
discovered east of the Line of Demarcation. 

The Line of Demarcation kept Spain from sailing east, and the 
Line of Demarcation kept Portugal from sailing west. 

Vasco da Gama gave Portugal an all-sea route to India, but it 
was very long, and exhausting. 

Spain could not use Portugal's sea route to India, so Spain still 
hoped to find a western route to India, which would be all Spain's 
own. 



Magellan, First Circumnavigator of the Globe. 
1519-1521. 

Magellan, who was an ambitious Portuguese captain, asked the 
King of Portugal for a ship and men that he might go on a voyage 
of discover3^ 

The King of Portugal treated Magellan with disdain, refused to 
give Magellan ships or men. 

Magellan, angered by the treatment of the Portuguese king, for- 
swore Portugal, Magellan's native land, and went to Spain. 

Magellan offered his services to the King of Spain. 

Magellan obtained ships and men from the King of Spain. 

Magellan set out to find for Spain a western route to India, 1520. 



Magellan's crew and officers were nearly all Spaniards. The 
Spaniards were jealous because Magellan, a Portuguese, had been 
placed over them, in command of a Spanish fleet. 

Magellan sailed southwest through the Atlantic Ocean, passed 
through the straits which are now known as the Straits of Magel- 
lan, and sailing northwest across the Pacific Ocean, Magellan led 
the Spanish fleet to the Philippines. 

It was Magellan who named the Pacific Ocean. 

Magellan took possession of the Philippines for Spain, 1521. 

Magellan was killed by the natives at the Philippines and Se- 
bastian Del Cano took the ships back to Spain via the Indian 
Ocean, and around the Cape of Good Hope into the Atlantic 
Ocean and through the Atlantic to Seville, Spain. 

It seems the very irony of fate that Del Cano, once a mutineer, 
received the honors that Magellan had so dearly earned. 

Magellan is called the first circumnavigator of the globe. 

Through the voyage of Magellan, Spain gained a western route 
to India. But the route taken by Magellan was long, dangerous 
and not practical in those days. 

The Pope's division of the world between Spain and Portugal 
excluded the Spaniards from the Indian Ocean and the Cape ot 
Good Hope, and thus forced the commerce of Spain with the East 
Indies across the Pacific, a long and hazardous route. 

Spain Seeks a Shorter Western Route to India. 

Spain tried to find a shorter and more directly western route to 
India by crossing the Spanish possessions in the new world. 

Cortez, the Spanish conqueror and explorer, in the years 1519- 
1521, landed in Mexico, conquered Mexico and made Mexico the 
Spanish headquarters for expeditions of discovery and exploration. 

Cortez sent out expeditions to find India. These expeditions 
of Cortez failed to discover India, but carried the Spaniards across 
Mexico, across the Gulf of California, to Lower California. 

Mendoza, the Governor of Mexico, fitted out an exploring expe- 
dition under Cabrillo to sail up the coast of California. 

Cabrillo discovered San Diego Bay, Monterey Bay. Cabrillo 
sailed up the coast of California in 1542. 

Cabrillo died in 1543, and Cabrillo's pilot, Ferrelo, took the 
ships as far north as Cape Blanco, Oregon. 

Ferrelo discovered and named Cape Mendocino, California. 

The discovery of San Diego Bay by Cabrillo was the first discov- 
ery on the western coast of North America, of territory that now 
belongs to the United States. 

Cabrillo's explorations and ' discoveries dissipated the idea held 
by the Spaniards that they were on the threshold of India. 



Recapitulation.* 

The India-idea led to the discovery of California. 

1492, Columbus sailed westward; Columbus discovered the island 
of Haiti, West Indies. 

1500, Cabral, Portuguese navigator, discovered coast of Brazil, 
South America. 

Cape St. Roque, the most easterly point of South America, was 
well within the region east of the Line of Demarcation; so the 
country thus discovered by Cabral, the Portuguese navigator, and 
now known as Brazil, was by the terms of the Pope's decision 
claimed and taken by Portugal. 

1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, called it the South 
Sea. 

(Note the direction of the Isthmus of Panama, and the points of 
the compass in connection with the Panama Canal). 

1519-1520, Cortez, conqueror of Mexico, as Governor-General of 
New Spain, sent out exploring parties along the west coast of 
Mexico. 

1534, Ximinez, a pilot of Cortez, discovered Lower California, 
named the place at which he landed La Paz. 

Ximinez was assassinated by natives. 

1534, Cortez at head of an expedition, landed in Lower Califor- 
nia, at same place (La Paz) that Ximinez had landed. Cortez 
renamed La Paz, calling it Santa Cruz. 

1539, Francisco de Ulloa, sent forth by Cortez, explored what is 
now known as the Gulf of California. The Gulf of California was 
once called the Sea of Cortez in honor of Cortez. 

Ulloa rounded Cape St. Lucas, at the southern extremity of 
Southern California, and tried to continue his exploration. 

1540, LHloa discovered the island of Cerros, oflf the coast of 
California. 

Ulloa was assassinated by one of his own people. 



*Grateful acknowledgment of indebtedness is made to "William 
Henry Jolinson's "The "World's Discoverers," and to the "Brief His- 
tory of California, Discovery and Early Voyages," by Theodore H. 
Hittell, with suggestive correlations by Richard D. Faulkner, Princi- 
pal of the Horace Mann Intermediate School, San Francisco. 

8 



Summary of the Connection of Cortez with CaUfornia. 
1519-1540. 

Under the auspices of Cortez ships first breasted the waters of 
the North Pacific Ocean. 

Under the auspices of Cortez the west coast of Mexico was 
minutely examined. 

Cortez was responsible for the fact that the Gulf of California 
was explored, and its existence made known to the civilized world. 

By Cortez the peninsula of California was discovered and sur- 
veyed in almost its entire extent. 

Cortez' brilliant career in Mexico entitles him to a high rank 
among the conquerors of the earth. 

Cortez, in his California expeditions, displayed to the highest 
degree his courage, his constancy and his fortitude. 

In 1540 Cortez returned to Spain to try to obtain some acknowl- 
edgment for the six hundred thousand dollars that he had ex- 
pended in his explorations in the New World. 

Cortez was received with honors in Spain. 

Cortez was never repaid any of his fortune expended in explora- 
tions. 

Cortez waited in vain hope for seven years. 

Cortez died, 1547, still unheard and unrequited, at a little village 
near Seville, Spain. 

Summary of the Connection of Cabrillo with California. 
1542-1543. 

1542, Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain and Mexico, sent five 
ships across the Pacific to the Philippines. 

1542, Mendoza gave two ships to Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo, a 
Portuguese navigator of great reputation, to explore the coast of 
California, beyond what had already been ascertained. 

1542, Cabrillo discovered what is now San Diego Bay. Cabrillo 
called it the Bay of San Miguel. 

Cabrillo discovered Alta or Upper California and Cabrillo was 
the first white man that ever laid his eyes or placed his feet upon 
the soil of Alta California. 

Cabrillo discovered the islands now known as San Clemente, 
Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel. 

Cabrillo was near Santa Barbara. 

Cabrillo discovered Monterey Bay. 

Cabrillo's discovery of what is now San Diego, in 1542, was the 
first discovery on the western coast of territory now belonging to 
the United States. 



The discoveries of Cabrillo on the Pacific Coast dispelled the 
belief of the Spaniards that they were on the threshold of India. 

The Search for the Strait of Anian. 

Cabrillo sailed northward evidently in search of the Strait of 
Anian, 

Cortez himself had believed in the existence of the Strait of 
Anian. 

In the time of Cortez, the Strait of Anian was supposed to 
extend across or at the northern edge of the North American 
continent, from Newfoundland to the East Indies. 

When Cabrillo was dying, he bade his pilot, Ferrelo, to continue 
the search for the Strait of Anian; therefore Ferrelo tried to com- 
plete the voyage. 

Ferrelo went as far north as Cape Blanco, Oregon, where the 
winds drove him southward again. 

Ferrelo's exoerience confirmed him in the belief that the Strait 
of Anian really existed, for: 

In 1543 Ferrelo had mistaken the drift from the mouth of some 
river, possibly the Columbia River, for a discharge from the Strait 
of Anian. 

What Was the Supposed Strait of Anian? 

The Strait of Anian was a belief in something which never 
existed, save in the imagination of men's minds. 

The Strait of Anian was not what is now called Bering Strait, 
as is taught by some misinformed instructors. The Strait of Anian 
was supposed to extend from east to west, starting in the known 
latitude of New Foundland. 

The Strait of Anian never existed, yet nevertheless it was a be- 
lief that held sway for centuries, a belief which became an active 
principle in the settlement and attempted fortification of the 
Californias. 

The Spaniards believed in the existence of the Strait of Anian. 

The Spaniards believed that the Strait of Anian was a short 
cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. 

The Spaniards believed that their enemies could sail through 
the Strait of Anian into the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and 
fall upon the Spanish commerce in the Pacific on its way to and 
from the Philippines. 

Effect of the Strait of Anian Belief. 
The Spanish believed that, if the English and other enemies of 
Spain could find so short a way into the Pacific as through the 
supposed Strait of Anian, Spain must provide stations for the 
protection of ships in trade in the Pacific. 

10 



The Spanish also believed that it would be better still to seize 
upon the Strait of Anian itself and to fortify the Strait of Anian. 

(Note— Compare the United States' ownership and fortification 
of the Panama Canal.) 

Spain dominated the greater part of Europe. Spain claimed, 
under the Pope's grant, along with Portugal, exclusive ownership 
of the New World. 

Francis Drake, the English Freebooter, in the Pacific. 

Englishmen, resenting the oppression and cruelty of Spain, 
struck at Spanish power whenever and wherever they could. 

The pirates of that day fell upon the ships of the Spanish King 
and secured many a rich booty. 

Queen Elizabeth winked at the action of these pirates. Eliza- 
beth could disown all responsibility for the English pirates that 
preyed upon the Spanish commerce. 

But Elizabeth reaped the benefit of the operations of these 

pirates. Elizabeth cared not what was done, so long as it did not 

exasperate King Philip of Spain into declaring war upon England. 

Drake had once been plundered by a Spanish captain. 

1577, Drake left Plymouth, England, in English channel, with 

five vessels, and less than 200 men to prey on Spanish ships. 

Sixty years had passed since Magellan had sailed through the 
straits which now bear the name of Magellan, 

Geographers taught that there was no passage from the Atlantic 
into the South Sea (now Pacific Ocean), save through that one 
crooked Strait of Magellan. 

The Strait of Magellan had baffled the skill of the most re- 
nowned Spanish navigators, and had finally been abandoned as a 
possibility. 

The vast wealth of the Pacific Coast went northward to the 
Isthmus of Panama, where it was carried overland and then re- 
shipped to Spain. 

Drake planned to follow in Magellan's track, to penetrate the 
south sea, to freight his ships with the almost fabulous riches of 
Peru. 

Drake sailed through the Strait of Magellan, became separated 
from his other ships — was driven southward by the storm. 

At last Drake found himself at the end of the Western Conti- 
nent. 

Drake saw an open sea instead of the solid land imagined by the 
geographers to extend to the South Pole. 

Drake saw the Atlantic and the Pacific rolling together. 
Drake's discovery of the union of the Atlantic and the Pacific 
gave to the world the commercial route, the Southwest Road to 
Cathay. 



Drake plied his trade of pirate with good effect, capturing many 
a rich prize on his way up the Pacific Coast looking for the Strait 
of Anian, 

Drake, in one of his prizes, had made a capture of priceless 
value, the secret charts by which Spain conducted her rich traffic 
in the Eastern Asiatic Archipelago. 

Drake sailed to Cape Mendocino, looking for the Strait of Anian, 
and spent much time in "watchful waiting" for the Spanish Gal- 
leons from the Philippines on their way to the Isthmus. 

Drake discovered Drake's Bay, California, June 17, 1579. 

Drake took possession of the Pacific Coast in the name of Queen 
Elizabeth, for England. 

Drake gave the name New Albion to what is now California. 

Drake held the first Christian service in the English tongue, on 
the Pacific Coast, at Drake's Bay, California, June 17, 1579. 

The Prayer Book Cross was erected in Golden Gate Park, San 
Francisco, to commemorate the first Christian service ever held 
in the English tongue on the Pacific Coast. 

(Drake — Drake's Bay — California, English Episcopal Service, 
1579.) 

Francis Drake made the second circumnavigation of the world, 
1577-1580. 

Drake, the plain English sea captain, on his return to England, 
was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, as a reward for his brilliant 
exploit, and so became Sir Francis Drake. 

(Note: Read "Westward Ho," by Canon Kingsley.) 

The Spanish believed that Drake must have come through the 
Strait of Anian and Spain felt the necessity of fortifying the Cali- 
fornia coast. 

Other Spanish Expeditions. 

1602-1603, there was a Spanish expedition under Viscaino in 
search of the Strait of Anian. 

1602, Sebastian Viscaino set out to find the Strait of Anian, and 
explored the California coast. 

Viscaino stayed awhile at San Diego. 

Viscaino gave the name Santa Catalina to an island. 

December 15, 1602, Viscaino practically rediscovered a fine bay, 
already discovered by Cabrillo in 1542. 

Viscaino named the bay Monterey Bay in honor of the Viceroy 
of Mexico. 

January, 1603, Viscaino searched for Cape Mendocino. 

Viscaino, while en route for the supposed Strait of Anian, 
anchored near Point Reyes. 

Viscaino sailed almost to Cape Blanco, Oregon, but storms 
drove Viscaino back to Mexico. 

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Spanish Occupation, of California. 

1606, King Philip II of Spain ordered a new expedition under 
Viscaino to undertake the occupation and settlement of Monterey. 

Monterey was to be maintained as a sort of half-way station 
between Mexico and Manila, for the benefit of Philippine com- 
merce. 

But Viscaino was too ill and old; Viscaino died before he could 
start on the King's expedition. There was not one to take Vis- 
caino's place, so the plans to settle Monterey were abandoned. 

The Pearl Fisheries of California. 

1615, Juan Iturbide sailed from New Spain for California. 

Iturbide sailed up the Gulf of California, collected pearls from 
the Indians. 

Iturbide's purchase of pearls opened up a new source of revenue, 
a new cause for immigration to California — the pearl fisheries of 
Lower California. 

But — the Spanish government assumed control of the California 
pearl fisheries, and created a monopoly of the California pearl 
fisheries. 

The Spanish monopoly of the California pearl fisheries excluded 
colonists and closed the Californias to immigration. 

The California pearl fisheries were a failure through the rapacity 
of the concessionaires, and the cruelty practiced on the Indians. 

No one wanted the pearl fisheries of California. 

(Note: Read Gertrude Atherton's "The Pearls of San Loreto.") 

1677-1679, the Spanish King recognized the importance of main- 
taining some kind of a Spanish force in California. 

King Charles II sent Admiral Atondo, accompanied by three 
Jesuit priests, to colonize Lower California. 

The Jesuits converted many Indians of Lower California. 

But Lower California was barren, unproductive, with no rain. 
There was difficulty in getting supplies to Lower California. 

There was much sickness and discouragement among the men. 

Atondo broke up camp, abandoned Lower California, and re- 
turned to Mexico. 

Atondo in three years had spent $225,000 of royal money in the 
vain attempt to settle in Lower California. 

Atondo had made a costly failure. 

There was still great need to protect Philippine ships. The 
interest of commerce required the occupation of the northwest 
coast of California. 

But what the Spanish crown failed to accomplish the Spanish 
church performed — 

"The Cross prevailed 
Where the Sword had failed." 

This brings the history of California to the Era of the Missions. 

13 



Commercial — Savings 
SAN FRANCISCO 

RESOURCES OVER $20,000,000.00 



Official Depositary Savings System, San Francisco Public 
School Department. 

This System has been in operation four years. 

Total deposit of pupils to January 1, 1916, $247,189.85. 
Number of children depositing, 15,607. 



Safe Deposit Vaults, Market Street Branch, Junction 
Market, Mason and Turk Streets. 

Open until midnight every day in the year, including 
Sundays and holidays. 

Boxes $2,50 per annum and upwards. 



15 



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The India-Idea and California 

It was the India-idea, which so long in- 
fluenced American exploration, that led to 
the discovery of California. To understand 
the circumstances of its discovery, it is 
therefore necessary to trace the routes by 
which trade was carried on between Europe 
and Asia early in the fifteenth century; to 
discuss the necessity of finding an ocean 
route to India; to determine when, by 
whom, and in which direction the first at- 
tempt was made to and such a route, and 
finally to understand why the thought of 
the time culminated in the sublime idea, of 
which Columbus was the ablest advocate 
and first practically to test. — Richard D. 
Faulkner, address before California Asso- 
ciation of Teachers of History, December, 
1898. 



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